Question

Investigating a bug, I discovered it was due to this weirdness in c#:

sbyte[] foo = new sbyte[10];
object bar = foo;
Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2} {3}",
        foo is sbyte[], foo is byte[], bar is sbyte[], bar is byte[]);

The output is “True False True True”, while I would have expected “bar is byte[]” to return False. Apparently bar is both a byte[] and an sbyte[]? The same happens for other signed/unsigned types like Int32[] vs UInt32[], but not for say Int32[] vs Int64[].

Can anyone explain this behavior? This is in .NET 3.5.

Answer 1

UPDATE: I’ve used this question as the basis for a blog entry, here:

https://web.archive.org/web/20190203221115/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/ericlippert/2009/09/24/why-is-covariance-of-value-typed-arrays-inconsistent/

See the blog comments for an extended discussion of this issue. Thanks for the great question!

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You have stumbled across an interesting and unfortunate inconsistency between the CLI type system and the C# type system.

The CLI has the concept of "assignment compatibility". If a value x of known data type S is "assignment compatible" with a particular storage location y of known data type T, then you can store x in y. If not, then doing so is not verifiable code and the verifier will disallow it.

The CLI type system says, for instance, that subtypes of reference type are assignment compatible with supertypes of reference type. If you have a string, you can store it in a variable of type object, because both are reference types and string is a subtype of object. But the opposite is not true; supertypes are not assignment compatible with subtypes. You can’t stick something only known to be object into a variable of type string without first casting it.

Basically "assignment compatible" means "it makes sense to stick these exact bits into this variable". The assignment from source value to target variable has to be "representation preserving". See my article on that for details:

http://ericlippert.com/2009/03/03/representation-and-identity/

One of the rules of the CLI is "if X is assignment compatible with Y, then X[] is assignment compatible with Y[]".

That is, arrays are covariant with respect to assignment compatibility. This is actually a broken kind of covariance; see my article on that for details.

https://web.archive.org/web/20190118054040/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/ericlippert/2007/10/17/covariance-and-contravariance-in-c-part-two-array-covariance/

That is NOT a rule of C#. C#’s array covariance rule is "if X is a reference type implicitly convertible to reference type Y, then X[] is implicitly convertible to Y[]". That is a subtly different rule, and hence your confusing situation.

In the CLI, uint and int are assignment compatible. But in C#, the conversion between int and uint is EXPLICIT, not IMPLICIT, and these are value types, not reference types. So in C#, it’s not legal to convert an int[] to a uint[].

But it IS legal in the CLI. So now we are faced with a choice.

1. Implement "is" so that when the compiler cannot determine the answer statically, it actually calls a method which checks all the C# rules for identity-preserving convertibility. This is slow, and 99.9% of the time matches what the CLR rules are. But we take the performance hit so as to be 100% compliant with the rules of C#.

2. Implement "is" so that when the compiler cannot determine the answer statically, it does the incredibly fast CLR assignment compatibility check, and live with the fact that this says that a uint[] is an int[], even though that would not actually be legal in C#.

We chose the latter. It is unfortunate that C# and the CLI specifications disagree on this minor point but we are willing to live with the inconsistency.