Is there a way to access a MySql database using entirely client side Javascript or do you need to go through a server side language such as PHP or C#?
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Javascript, if run in the browser, has no way of accessing a MySQL Database. For one, this is a technical limitation, because Javascript has no way of communicating arbitrary protocols (no, WebSockets are not the solution). Note that Node.js, being server side and all, is a “different kind of javascript”.
Then there is the security issue. If your javascript could access the database directly, I could easily access the database myself. I would be able to read and manipulate the same data your javascript can. Security-wise calling this a nightmare would be an euphemism.
You’ll have to – and WANT TO – route database access through a server side application. If that app is written in PHP, C# or Assembly doesn’t really matter much. With Node.js you can even use Javascript on the server side. Use what you’re comfortable with.