Is there a way to access data on the right hand side of Google results programmatically?
Are there similar services around? Specifically for location data
Access = No html scraping
Here is an example:

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2018 Update – Knowledge Panels
Google’s Knowledge Graph
The example in your question comes from Google’s Knowledge Graph.
The Short Life of the Open Knowledge Graph provides a good explanation why Google’s Knowledge Graph data is not publicly available and why the project is shutting down.
Alternative Solutions
I tried to list in order of your preference for location data.
Freebase –
http://www.freebase.com/ will provide you with the same type of information and allow you to achieve the same type of results as your Google search example.
Wikidata –
http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page – Wikidata is an open source project, and the data is freely accessible