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Asked: 2026-06-18T14:13:38+00:00

It seems that there are two methods for templating with JSP. Including files with

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It seems that there are two methods for templating with JSP. Including files with one of these statements 

<%@ include file="foo.html" %>
<jsp:include page="foo.html" />

or using JSP tag files 

// Save this as mytag.tag
<%@ tag description="Description" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
    <jsp:doBody/>
</body>
</html>

And in another JSP page call it with

<%@ taglib prefix="t" tagdir="/WEB-INF/tags" %>

<t:mytag>
    <h1>Hello World</h1>
</t:mytag>

So which method should I use? Is one now considered deprecated or are they both valid and cover different use cases?

Edit

Isn’t using this tag file the same as using an include?

// Save this as product.tag
<%@ tag description="Product templage" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ tag import="com.myapp.Product" %>
<%@ attribute name="product" required="true" type="com.myapp.Product"%>

Product name: ${product.name} <br/>
Quantity: ${product.quantity} <br/>

And call it on another JSP with

<%@ taglib prefix="t" tagdir="/WEB-INF/tags" %>

<t:product>
    <c:forEach items="${cart.products}" var="product">
        <t:product product="${product}"/>
    </c:forEach>
</t:product>

That seems to me to be the very same as using an include and passing parameters to it. So are Tag Files the same as includes?

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1 Answer

  1. Editorial Team

    Overview of JSP Syntax Elements

    First, to make things more clear, here is a short overview of JSP syntax elements:

    • Directives: These convey information regarding the JSP page as a
      whole.
    • Scripting elements: These are Java coding elements such as
      declarations, expressions, scriptlets, and comments.
    • Objects and scopes: JSP objects can be created either explicitly or
      implicitly and are accessible within a given scope, such as from
      anywhere in the JSP page or the session.
    • Actions: These create objects or affect the output stream in the JSP
      response (or both).

    How content is included in JSP

    There are several mechanisms for reusing content in a JSP file.

    The following 4 mechanisms to include content in JSP can be categorized as direct reuse:
    (for the first 3 mechanisms quoting from "Head First Servlets and JSP")

    1) The include directive:

    <%@ include file="header.html" %>

    Static: adds the content from the value of the file attribute to the current page at translation time. The directive was
    originally intended for static layout templates, like HTML headers.

    2) The <jsp:include> standard action:

    <jsp:include page="header.jsp" />

    Dynamic: adds the content from the value of the page attribute to the current page at request time. Was intended more for dynamic
    content coming from JSPs.

    3) The <c:import> JSTL tag:

    <c:import url=”http://www.example.com/foo/bar.html” />

    Dynamic: adds the content from the value of the URL attribute to the current page, at request time. It works a lot like
    <jsp:include>, but it’s more powerful and flexible: unlike the
    other two includes, the <c:import> URL can be from outside the
    web Container    !

    4) Preludes and codas:

    Static: preludes and codas can be applied only to the beginnings and ends of pages.
    You can implicitly include preludes (also called headers) and codas
    (also called footers) for a group of JSP pages by adding
    <include-prelude> and <include-coda> elements respectively within
    a <jsp-property-group> element in the Web application web.xml deployment descriptor.

    Read more here:
    • Configuring Implicit Includes at the Beginning and End of JSPs
    • Defining implicit includes

    Tag File is an indirect method of content reuse, the way of encapsulating reusable content.
    A Tag File is a source file that contains a fragment of JSP code that is reusable as a custom tag.

    The PURPOSE of includes and Tag Files is different.

    Tag file (a concept introduced with JSP 2.0) is one of the options for creating custom tags. It’s a faster and easier way to build custom tags.
    Custom tags, also known as tag extensions, are JSP elements that allow custom logic and output provided by other Java components to be inserted into JSP pages. The logic provided through a custom tag is implemented by a Java object known as a tag handler.

    Some examples of tasks that can be performed by custom tags include operating on implicit objects, processing forms, accessing databases and other enterprise services such as email and directories, and implementing flow control.

    Regarding your Edit

    Maybe in your example (in your "Edit" paragraph), there is no difference between using direct include and a Tag File. But custom tags have a rich set of features. They can

    • Be customized by means of attributes passed from the calling page.

    • Pass variables back to the calling page.

    • Access all the objects available to JSP pages.

    • Communicate with each other. You can create and initialize a JavaBeans component, create a public EL variable that refers to that bean in one tag, and then use the bean in another tag.

    • Be nested within one another and communicate by means of private variables.

    Also read this from "Pro JSP 2": Understanding JSP Custom Tags.

    Useful reading

    Conclusion

    Use the right tools for each task.

    Use Tag Files as a quick and easy way of creating custom tags that can help you encapsulate reusable content.

    As for the including content in JSP (quote from here):

    • Use the include directive if the file changes rarely. It’s the fastest mechanism. If your container doesn’t automatically detect changes, you can force the changes to take effect by deleting the main page class file.
    • Use the include action only for content that changes often, and if which page to include cannot be decided until the main page is requested.
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