Question

I’ve only been working with Prolog for a couple days. I understand some things but this is really confusing me.

I’m suppose to write a function that takes a list and flattens it.

?- flatten([a,[b,c],[[d],[],[e]]],Xs).  
Xs = [a,b,c,d,e].                           % expected result

The function takes out the inner structures of the list.

This is what I have so far:

flatten2([],[]).
flatten2([Atom|ListTail],[Atom|RetList]) :-
      atom(Atom), flatten2(ListTail,RetList).
flatten2([List|ListTail],RetList) :-
      flatten2(List,RetList).

Now, this works when I call:

?- flatten2([a,[b,c],[[d],[],[e]]], R).
R = [a,b,c,d,e].                         % works as expected!

But when I call to see if a list that I input is already flattened, is returns false instead of true:

?- flatten2([a,[b,c],[[d],[],[e]]], [a,b,c,d,e]).
false.                                   % BAD result!

Why does it work on one hand, but not the other? I feel like I’m missing something very simple.

Answer 1

The definition of flatten2/2 you’ve given is busted; it actually behaves like this:

?- flatten2([a, [b,c], [[d],[],[e]]], R).
R = [a, b, c] ;
false. 

So, given the case where you’ve already bound R to [a,b,c,d,e], the failure isn’t surprising.

Your definition is throwing away the tail of lists (ListTail) in the 3rd clause – this needs to be tidied up and connected back into the list to return via RetList. Here is a suggestion:

flatten2([], []) :- !.
flatten2([L|Ls], FlatL) :-
    !,
    flatten2(L, NewL),
    flatten2(Ls, NewLs),
    append(NewL, NewLs, FlatL).
flatten2(L, [L]).

This one recursively reduces all lists of lists into either single item lists [x], or empty lists [] which it throws away. Then, it accumulates and appends them all into one list again out the output.

Note that, in most Prolog implementations, the empty list [] is an atom and a list, so the call to atom([]) and is_list([]) both evaluate to true; this won’t help you throw away empty lists as opposed to character atoms.