Question

I’ve seen some code as below in some example BlackBerry Java classes:

try
{
    // stuff that will throw an exception
}
catch(final Exception e)
{
    // deal with it
}

I presume the final is for performance. As per the title, since there’s rarely (ever?) any reason to modify an Exception that’s already been thrown, should they always be final?

If so, isn’t this something that could be done by the compiler? Or is it done by the compiler and adding the final manually has no impact at all?

Answer 1

The Java Language Specification 11.2.2 makes a difference between final and not final exceptions:

A throw statement (§14.18) whose thrown expression has static type E and is not a final or effectively final exception parameter can throw E or any exception class that the thrown expression can throw.
[…]
A throw statement whose thrown expression is a final or effectively final exception parameter of a catch clause C can throw an exception class E iff:

• E is an exception class that the try block of the try statement which declares C can throw; and
• E is assignment compatible with any of C’s catchable exception classes; and
• E is not assignment compatible with any of the catchable exception classes of the catch clauses declared to the left of C in the same try statement.

Interestingly, JLS 14.20 also says:

In a uni-catch clause, an exception parameter that is not declared final (implicitly or explicitly) is considered effectively final if it never occurs within its scope as the left-hand operand of an assignment operator.

In other words, if you don’t reassign the e of your catch statement (like e = new SomeOtherException();), it is implicitly declared final.

So I can only conclude that it does not make a difference, unless the exception is modified in the catch block and the only example I can come up with is:

public void method1() throws IOException {
    try {
        throw new IOException();
    } catch (Exception e) { // e is not modified in catch => implicitly final
        throw e; //compiles OK
    }
}

//it works because method1 is semantically equivalent to method2:
public void method2() throws IOException {
    try {
        throw new IOException();
    } catch (final Exception e) {
        throw e;
    }
}

public void method3() throws IOException {
    try {
        throw new IOException("1");
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e = new IOException("2"); //e modified: not implicitly final any more
        throw e; //does not compile
    }
}