I’ve tried several different ways to attempt to get this code to work, but none of them have succeeded. I have a ButtonListener hooked up to two different buttons. The first one works perfectly. The second one doesn’t execute at all. What’s going on?
Thank you in advance.
import javax.swing.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.*;
import javax.imageio.*;
import java.text.NumberFormat;
public class ClientApp extends JFrame
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new ClientApp();
}
//Declarations so they have scope outside of ClientApp()
private JButton switchCard;
private JPanel infoPanel;
private JPanel mainPanel;
private JPanel cartPanel;
private JPanel orderingPanel;
private JList candyList;
private CardLayout cl = new CardLayout();
private CardLayout cl2 = new CardLayout();
private JPanel checkoutPanel;
private JButton checkoutButton;
private JTextField acidPopsTF;
private JTextField bertieBottsTF;
private JTextField bloodPopsTF;
private JTextField cauldronCakesTF;
private JTextField charmChocTF;
private JTextField chocoballsTF;
private JTextField chocCauldronsTF;
private JTextField chocFrogsTF;
private JTextField chocWandsTF;
private JTextField roachClustersTF;
private JTextField crystalPineappleTF;
private JTextField droobleGumTF;
private JTextField explodeBonbonsTF;
private JTextField fizzWhizTF;
private JTextField iceMiceTF;
private JTextField jellySlugsTF;
private JTextField liquorWandsTF;
private JTextField pepImpsTF;
private JTextField pinkCocoIceTF;
private JTextField spindleSpidersTF;
private JTextField sugarQuillsTF;
private JTextField wizochocTF;
private JTextField shockChocTF;
private ArrayList cart;
private Object[] cartArray;
private String CART = "cart";
private String BROWSE = "ordering";
public ClientApp()
{
this.setSize(750,400);
this.setTitle("Honeydukes Muggle Ordering System");
this.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
ButtonListener bl = new ButtonListener();
//Creating the panels
mainPanel = new JPanel(cl2);
cartPanel = new JPanel();
orderingPanel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
infoPanel = new JPanel(cl);
JPanel invntryPanel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
checkoutPanel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
//Creating the array for the invntryPanel Jlist
String[] candy = {"Acid Pops", "Bertie Bott's Every Flavour Beans",
"Blood-flavoured Lollipops",
"Cauldron Cakes", "Charm Choc",
"Chocoballs", "Chocolate Cauldrons",
"Chocolate Frogs","Chocolate Wands",
"Cockroach Clusters", "Crystallised Pineapple",
"Drooble's Best Blowing Gum", "Exploding Bonbons",
"Fizzing Whizbees", "Ice Mice",
"Jelly Slugs", "Liquourice Wands",
"Pepper Imps", "Pink Coconut Ice",
"Shock-o-Choc", "Splindle's Lick'O'Rish Spiders",
"Sugar Quills", "Wizochoc"};
candyList = new JList(candy);
candyList.setVisibleRowCount(18);
candyList.setSelectionMode(ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_SELECTION);
//Creating a scrollpane for the JList
JScrollPane scroll = new JScrollPane(candyList, JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS,
JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_AS_NEEDED);
invntryPanel.add(scroll);
switchCard = new JButton("View Product");
switchCard.addActionListener(bl);
invntryPanel.add(switchCard, BorderLayout.PAGE_END);
//Creating the cards
JPanel startCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel acidPopsCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel bertieBottsCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel bloodPopsCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel cauldronCakesCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel charmChocCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel chocoballsCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel chocCauldronsCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel chocFrogsCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel chocWandsCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel roachClustersCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel crystalPineappleCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel droobleGumCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel explodeBonbonsCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel fizzWhizCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel iceMiceCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel jellySlugsCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel liquorWandsCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel pepImpsCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel pinkCocoIceCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel shockChocCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel spindleSpidersCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel sugarQuillsCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
JPanel wizochocCard = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
//Adding the cards to the infoPanel
infoPanel.add(startCard, "Start");
infoPanel.add(acidPopsCard, "Acid Pops");
infoPanel.add(bertieBottsCard, "Bertie Bott's Every Flavour Beans");
infoPanel.add(bloodPopsCard, "Blood-flavoured Lollipops");
infoPanel.add(cauldronCakesCard, "Cauldron Cakes");
infoPanel.add(charmChocCard, "Charm Choc");
infoPanel.add(chocoballsCard, "Chocoballs");
infoPanel.add(chocCauldronsCard, "Chocolate Cauldrons");
infoPanel.add(chocFrogsCard, "Chocolate Frogs");
infoPanel.add(chocWandsCard, "Chocolate Wands");
infoPanel.add(roachClustersCard, "Cockroach Clusters");
infoPanel.add(crystalPineappleCard, "Crystallised Pineapple");
infoPanel.add(droobleGumCard, "Drooble's Best Blowing Gum");
infoPanel.add(explodeBonbonsCard, "Exploding Bonbons");
infoPanel.add(fizzWhizCard, "Fizzing Whizbees");
infoPanel.add(iceMiceCard, "Ice Mice");
infoPanel.add(jellySlugsCard, "Jelly Slugs");
infoPanel.add(liquorWandsCard, "Liquourice Wands");
infoPanel.add(pepImpsCard, "Pepper Imps");
infoPanel.add(pinkCocoIceCard, "Pink Coconut Ice");
infoPanel.add(shockChocCard, "Shock-o-Choc");
infoPanel.add(spindleSpidersCard, "Splindle's Lick'O'Rish Spiders");
infoPanel.add(sugarQuillsCard, "Sugar Quills");
infoPanel.add(wizochocCard, "Wizochoc");
//building the cards
startBuilder("honeydukes.jpg", "<html><center>Welcome to the Honeydukes Muggle Ordering System!<br />Please select from one of our products to the left to begin!</center></html>", startCard);
verticalBuilder("acidPops.jpg", "<html><center>One of our more exotic treats, Acid Pops are sure to pack a punch!<br /><small>Disclaimer: Honeydukes is not responsible for any injury resulting from use of our products.</small><br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$5.95</center></html>", acidPopsTF, acidPopsCard);
verticalBuilder("BertieBotts.jpg", "<html><center>A classic wizard candy, Bertie Bott's are known for having a danger in every mouthful. Is that light brown one toffee, or is it earwax? Only one way to find out!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$16.95</center></html>", bertieBottsTF, bertieBottsCard);
verticalBuilder("bloodpop.jpg", "<html><center>For those of more unusual tastes, we have this most interesting lollipop. We won't ask any questions, and anonymity is guaranteed.<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$5.95</center></html>", bloodPopsTF, bloodPopsCard);
verticalBuilder("cauldroncake.jpg", "<html><center>A wizarding favourite, cauldron cakes are chocolate on the outside, and pure heaven on the inside. No desert is complete without one!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$14.95</center></html>", cauldronCakesTF, cauldronCakesCard);
verticalBuilder("charmchoc.jpg", "<html><center>A candy staple, not only is Charm Choc made of the finest chocolate, it's also charmed for extra flavour!<br /><br />$5.95</center></html>", charmChocTF, charmChocCard);
horizontalBuilder("chocoballs.jpg", "<html><center>One of our most popular candies, Chocoballs are chocolate on the outside, but the inside is full of delicious strawberry mousse and clotted cream!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$9.95</center></html>", chocoballsTF, chocoballsCard);
verticalBuilder("choccauldrons.jpg", "<html><center>A wizarding favourite, each and every Chocolate Cauldron are filled to the brim with our own special brew of Firewhiskey!<br /><br />NOTICE: The Ministry of Magic would like to remind all that Firewhisky is an alcoholic beverage, and is not to be consumed by those who are underaged.<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$14.95</center></html>", chocCauldronsTF, chocCauldronsCard);
verticalBuilder("chocfrogs.jpg", "<html><center>One of the most famous wizarding sweets, Chocolate Frogs are made of the finest Croakoa, enabling them to behave like actual frogs! Each Chocolate Frog comes with card featuring a famous witch or wizard! Try to collect them all!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$14.95</center></html>", chocFrogsTF, chocFrogsCard);
horizontalBuilder("chocwands.jpg", "<html><center>Popular as both a gag gift and a tasty treat, chocolate wands are one candy that nobody leaves the shop without!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$9.95</center></html>", chocWandsTF, chocWandsCard);
verticalBuilder("cockroachclusters.jpg", "<html><center>Great for tricking friends or quenching your insatiable hunger for cockroaches, these peculiar treats will never get old!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$5.95</center></html>", roachClustersTF, roachClustersCard);
verticalBuilder("crystalpineapple.jpg", "<html><center>Endorsed by Professor Horace Slughorn himself, Crystallised pineapple consists of the best pineapples diced up, and then cooked in sugar syrup. This is one sweet treat you don't want to be without!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$9.95</center></html>", crystalPineappleTF, crystalPineappleCard);
verticalBuilder("gum.jpg", "<html><center>Guaranteed to never lose its flavour, Drooble's Best Blowing Gum will let you blow bubbles that last for days, and is the best wizarding gum out there!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$2.95</center></html>", droobleGumTF, droobleGumCard);
verticalBuilder("bonbons.jpg", "<html><center>Produced by Kaboon Choco Ltd., these treats pop in your mouth -- literally!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$9.95</center></html>", explodeBonbonsTF, explodeBonbonsCard);
verticalBuilder("whizbees.jpg", "<html><center>Made from delicious sherbert, Fizzing Whizbees have the effect of also causing you to float a few inches off the ground while sucking on them!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$9.95</center></html>", fizzWhizTF, fizzWhizCard);
verticalBuilder("mice.jpg", "<html><center>Charmed to stay cold up to the point of being enjoyed, ice mice will also cause your teeeth to chatter and squeak!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$5.95</center></html>", iceMiceTF, iceMiceCard);
verticalBuilder("slugs.jpg", "Perhaps the single most popular sweet, Jelly Slugs are a classic!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$2.95</center></html>", jellySlugsTF, jellySlugsCard);
verticalBuilder("liqwand.jpg", "<html><center>Another favourite, these wands won't win you any duels, but they sure are tasty!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$9.95</center></html>", liquorWandsTF, liquorWandsCard);
verticalBuilder("imps.jpg", "<html><center>Famous for making anyone who eats them smoke at the ears and nose, these spicy treats are delicious!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$4.95</center></html>", pepImpsTF, pepImpsCard);
verticalBuilder("pinkice.jpg", "<html><center>Amazing in every way, these shimmering pink squares are even more enjoyable than they look!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$4.95</center></html>", pinkCocoIceTF, pinkCocoIceCard);
verticalBuilder("shock.jpg", "<html><center>Add some SHOCK to your Choc-o-late! Perfect for practical jokes, and tasty too!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$4.95</center></html>", shockChocTF, shockChocCard);
verticalBuilder("spiders.jpg", "<html><center>Made entirely out of liquorice, these treats are even bewitched to seem alive!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$4.95</center></html>", spindleSpidersTF, spindleSpidersCard);
verticalBuilder("quill.jpg", "<html><center>Perfect for nibbling on during lectures, the professor will never know the difference between you thinking and you enjoying a delicious sugar quill!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$1.95</center></html>", sugarQuillsTF, sugarQuillsCard);
verticalBuilder("wizochoc.jpg", "<html><center>There's been an age old debate between wizards of all ages as to whether CharmChoc or WizoChoc is better. Now Muggles can join in as well!<br /><br /><br />Type the quantity of this product you would like to order below.<br /><br />$5.95</center></html>", wizochocTF, wizochocCard);
//Creating the interface element for advancing to the checkout screen
checkoutButton = new JButton("Checkout");
checkoutPanel.add(checkoutButton, BorderLayout.LINE_END);
//Adding everything to the frame
orderingPanel.add(checkoutPanel, BorderLayout.PAGE_END);
orderingPanel.add(invntryPanel, BorderLayout.LINE_START);
orderingPanel.add(infoPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
mainPanel.add(orderingPanel, BROWSE);
mainPanel.add(cartPanel, CART);
this.add(mainPanel);
this.setVisible(true);
}
void startBuilder(String p, String l, JPanel n)
{
try {
BufferedImage myPicture = ImageIO.read(new File(p));
JLabel picLabel = new JLabel(new ImageIcon(myPicture));
n.add(picLabel, BorderLayout.LINE_END);
}
catch (IOException e) {}
JLabel lbl = new JLabel(l);
n.add(lbl, BorderLayout.CENTER);
}
void verticalBuilder(String p, String l, JTextField t, JPanel n)
{
try {
BufferedImage myPicture = ImageIO.read(new File(p));
JLabel picLabel = new JLabel(new ImageIcon(myPicture));
n.add(picLabel, BorderLayout.LINE_END);
}
catch (IOException e) {}
JLabel lbl = new JLabel(l);
n.add(lbl, BorderLayout.CENTER);
t = new JTextField();
n.add(t, BorderLayout.PAGE_END);
}
void horizontalBuilder(String p, String l, JTextField t, JPanel n)
{
try {
BufferedImage myPicture = ImageIO.read(new File(p));
JLabel picLabel = new JLabel(new ImageIcon(myPicture));
n.add(picLabel, BorderLayout.PAGE_START);
}
catch (IOException e) {}
JLabel Lbl = new JLabel(l);
n.add(Lbl, BorderLayout.CENTER);
t = new JTextField();
n.add(t, BorderLayout.PAGE_END);
}
private class ButtonListener implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
if (e.getSource() == switchCard)
{
cl.show(infoPanel, (String)candyList.getSelectedValue());
checkoutButton.addActionListener(this);
}
else if (e.getSource() == checkoutButton)
{
NumberFormat cf = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance();
String acidPopsCost = cf.format(Total(1, 5.95, acidPopsTF));
String bertieBottsCost = cf.format(Total(1, 16.95, bertieBottsTF));
String bloodPopsCost = cf.format(Total(1, 5.95, bloodPopsTF));
String cauldronCakesCost = cf.format(Total(1, 14.95, cauldronCakesTF));
String charmChocCost = cf.format(Total(1, 5.95, charmChocTF));
String chocoballsCost = cf.format(Total(1, 9.95, chocoballsTF));
String chocCauldronsCost = cf.format(Total(1, 14.95, chocCauldronsTF));
String chocFrogsCost = cf.format(Total(1, 14.95, chocFrogsTF));
String chocWandsCost = cf.format(Total(1, 9.95, chocWandsTF));
String roachClustersCost = cf.format(Total(1, 5.95, roachClustersTF));
String crystalPineappleCost = cf.format(Total(1, 9.95, crystalPineappleTF));
String droobleGumCost = cf.format(Total(1, 2.95, droobleGumTF));
String explodeBonbonsCost = cf.format(Total(1, 9.95, explodeBonbonsTF));
String fizzWhizCost = cf.format(Total(1, 9.95, fizzWhizTF));
String iceMiceCost = cf.format(Total(1, 5.95, iceMiceTF));
String jellySlugsCost = cf.format(Total(1, 2.95, jellySlugsTF));
String liquorWandsCost = cf.format(Total(1, 9.95, liquorWandsTF));
String pepImpsCost = cf.format(Total(1, 4.95, pepImpsTF));
String pinkCocoIceCost = cf.format(Total(1, 4.95, pinkCocoIceTF));
String shockChocCost = cf.format(Total(1, 4.95, shockChocTF));
String spindleSpidersCost = cf.format(Total(1, 4.95, spindleSpidersTF));
String sugarQuillsCost = cf.format(Total(1, 1.95, sugarQuillsTF));
String wizochocCost = cf.format(Total(1, 5.95, wizochocTF));
int acidPopsNum = (int)Total(0, 0, acidPopsTF);
int bertieBottsNum = (int)Total(0, 0, bertieBottsTF);
int bloodPopsNum = (int)Total(0, 0, bloodPopsTF);
int cauldronCakesNum = (int)Total(0, 0, cauldronCakesTF);
int charmChocNum = (int)Total(0, 0, charmChocTF);
int chocoballsNum = (int)Total(0, 0, chocoballsTF);
int chocCauldronsNum = (int)Total(0, 0, chocCauldronsTF);
int chocFrogsNum = (int)Total(0, 0, chocFrogsTF);
int chocWandsNum = (int)Total(0, 0, chocWandsTF);
int roachClustersNum = (int)Total(0, 0, roachClustersTF);
int crystalPineappleNum = (int)Total(0, 0, crystalPineappleTF);
int droobleGumNum = (int)Total(0, 0, droobleGumTF);
int explodeBonbonsNum = (int)Total(0, 0, explodeBonbonsTF);
int fizzWhizNum = (int)Total(0, 0, fizzWhizTF);
int iceMiceNum = (int)Total(0, 0, iceMiceTF);
int jellySlugsNum = (int)Total(0, 0, jellySlugsTF);
int liquorWandsNum = (int)Total(0, 0, liquorWandsTF);
int pepImpsNum = (int)Total(0, 0, pepImpsTF);
int pinkCocoIceNum = (int)Total(0, 0, pinkCocoIceTF);
int shockChocNum = (int)Total(0, 0, shockChocTF);
int spindleSpidersNum = (int)Total(0, 0, spindleSpidersTF);
int sugarQuillsNum = (int)Total(0, 0, sugarQuillsTF);
int wizochocNum = (int)Total(0, 0, wizochocTF);
cart = new ArrayList();
addCart("Acid Pops", acidPopsNum, acidPopsCost);
addCart("Bertie Botts Every Flavour Beans", bertieBottsNum, bertieBottsCost);
addCart("Blood-flavoured Lollipops", bloodPopsNum, bloodPopsCost);
addCart("Cauldron Cakes", cauldronCakesNum, cauldronCakesCost);
addCart("Charm Choc", charmChocNum, charmChocCost);
addCart("Chocoballs", chocoballsNum, chocoballsCost);
addCart("Chocolate Cauldrons", chocCauldronsNum, chocCauldronsCost);
addCart("Chocolate Frogs", chocFrogsNum, chocFrogsCost);
addCart("Chocolate Wands", chocWandsNum, chocWandsCost);
addCart("Cockroach Clusters", roachClustersNum, roachClustersCost);
addCart("Crystallised Pineapple", crystalPineappleNum, cauldronCakesCost);
addCart("Drooble's Best Blowing Gum", droobleGumNum, droobleGumCost);
addCart("Exploding Bonbons", explodeBonbonsNum, explodeBonbonsCost);
addCart("Fizzing Whizbees", fizzWhizNum, fizzWhizCost);
addCart("Ice Mice", iceMiceNum, iceMiceCost);
addCart("Jelly Slugs", jellySlugsNum, jellySlugsCost);
addCart("Liquorice Wands", liquorWandsNum, liquorWandsCost);
addCart("Pepper Imps", pepImpsNum, pepImpsCost);
addCart("Pink Coconut Ice", pinkCocoIceNum, pinkCocoIceCost);
addCart("Shock-o-Choc", shockChocNum, shockChocCost);
addCart("Splindle's Lick'O'Rish Spiders", spindleSpidersNum, spindleSpidersCost);
addCart("Sugar Quills", sugarQuillsNum, sugarQuillsCost);
addCart("Wizochoc", wizochocNum, wizochocCost);
cart.remove(cart.size());
cartArray = cart.toArray();
cl2.show(mainPanel, CART);
}
}
double Total(int i, double p, JTextField t)
{
if (i == 1)
{
try
{
return (p* (Integer.parseInt(t.getText())));
}
catch (NumberFormatException e) { return 0; }
}
else
{
try
{
return Integer.parseInt(t.getText());
}
catch (NumberFormatException e) { return 0; }
}
}
void addCart(String p, int n, String c)
{
if (n > 0)
{
cart.add(p);
cart.add(n);
cart.add(c);
cart.add("");
}
}
}
}
Exceptions:
at java.awt.Container.dispatchEventImpl(Container.java:2273)
at java.awt.Window.dispatchEventImpl(Window.java:2713)
at java.awt.Component.dispatchEvent(Component.java:4687)
at java.awt.EventQueue.dispatchEventImpl(EventQueue.java:707)
at java.awt.EventQueue.access$000(EventQueue.java:101)
at java.awt.EventQueue$3.run(EventQueue.java:666)
at java.awt.EventQueue$3.run(EventQueue.java:664)
at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)
at java.security.ProtectionDomain$1.doIntersectionPrivilege(ProtectionDo
main.java:76)
at java.security.ProtectionDomain$1.doIntersectionPrivilege(ProtectionDo
main.java:87)
at java.awt.EventQueue$4.run(EventQueue.java:680)
at java.awt.EventQueue$4.run(EventQueue.java:678)
at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)
at java.security.ProtectionDomain$1.doIntersectionPrivilege(ProtectionDo
main.java:76)
at java.awt.EventQueue.dispatchEvent(EventQueue.java:677)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpOneEventForFilters(EventDispatchThre
ad.java:211)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEventsForFilter(EventDispatchThread.
java:128)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEventsForHierarchy(EventDispatchThre
ad.java:117)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEvents(EventDispatchThread.java:113)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEvents(EventDispatchThread.java:105)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.run(EventDispatchThread.java:90)
When running the code and clicking on the Checkout button, I get a NullPointerException at the line
Try checking if the JTextField you pass into Total() is acutally set.
You may want to add another
catchblock to keep the application from crashing:Update
The actual problem is the way you are trying to initialize the various
JTextFieldcomponents by passing them into the builder methods, e.g.You need to return the text field from the builder and assign it to the field / member like so: