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My company uses Android apps built within WebViews with a little native code that is accessible via a JavaScript interface.
webView.addJavascriptInterface(new JavaScriptInterface(this), "jsInt");
Where members of the class JavaScriptInterface are accessible through JavaScript within the WebView.
<script> jsInt.nativeMethodCall(); </script>
I’m wondering if Windows 8 has the same functionality. If so, could someone point me in the correct direction?
Not precisely the same functionality, but there is a mechanism to communicate back and forth from JavaScript to C# within a WebView.
Also keep in mind that HTML 5/JavaScript is a native development option for Windows 8, so your code might not need to run in a WebView at all. You could potentially port the application to an HTML5/JS target, and then interact with other Windows Runtime Components, which can indeed be written in C#.
That said, for the WebView, which would be hosted inside of a C#/XAML application and host HTML/JS (like in Android):
InvokeScript will allow you to invoke a JavaScript method from C# in the currently loaded WebView document
In your C# code you can listen for ScriptNotify events to respond to payloads passed via windows.external.notify.
Both of these are part of the XAML Web View Control example, and could form the basis of something a bit more like the Android functionality.