Question

Perhaps I am doing something wrong while z-normalizing my array. Can someone take a look at this and suggest what’s going on?

In R:

> data <- c(2.02, 2.33, 2.99, 6.85, 9.20, 8.80, 7.50, 6.00, 5.85, 3.85, 4.85, 3.85, 2.22, 1.45, 1.34)
> data.mean <- mean(data)
> data.sd <- sqrt(var(data))
> data.norm <- (data - data.mean) / data.sd
> print(data.norm)
 [1] -0.9796808 -0.8622706 -0.6123005  0.8496459  1.7396910  1.5881940  1.0958286  0.5277147  0.4709033 -0.2865819
[11]  0.0921607 -0.2865819 -0.9039323 -1.1955641 -1.2372258

In Python using numpy:

>>> import string
>>> import numpy as np
>>> from scipy.stats import norm
>>> data = np.array([np.array([2.02, 2.33, 2.99, 6.85, 9.20, 8.80, 7.50, 6.00, 5.85, 3.85, 4.85, 3.85, 2.22, 1.45, 1.34])])
>>> data -= np.split(np.mean(data, axis=1), data.shape[0])
>>> data *= np.split(1.0/data.std(axis=1), data.shape[0])
>>> print data

[[-1.01406602 -0.89253491 -0.63379126  0.87946705  1.80075126  1.64393692
   1.13429034  0.54623659  0.48743122 -0.29664045  0.09539539 -0.29664045
  -0.93565885 -1.23752644 -1.28065039]]

Am I using numpy incorrectly?

Answer 1

I believe that your NumPy result is correct. I would do the normalization in a simpler way, though:

>>> data = np.array([2.02, 2.33, 2.99, 6.85, 9.20, 8.80, 7.50, 6.00, 5.85, 3.85, 4.85, 3.85, 2.22, 1.45, 1.34])
>>> data -= data.mean()
>>> data /= data.std()
>>> data
array([-1.01406602, -0.89253491, -0.63379126,  0.87946705,  1.80075126,
        1.64393692,  1.13429034,  0.54623659,  0.48743122, -0.29664045,
        0.09539539, -0.29664045, -0.93565885, -1.23752644, -1.28065039])

The difference between your two results lies in the normalization: with r as the R result:

>>> r / data
array([ 0.96609173,  0.96609173,  0.96609173,  0.96609179,  0.96609179, 0.96609181,  0.9660918 ,  0.96609181,
        0.96609179,  0.96609179,        0.9660918 ,  0.96609179,  0.96609175,  0.96609176,  0.96609177])

Thus, your two results are mostly simply proportional to each other. You may therefore want to compare the standard deviations obtained with R and with Python.

PS: Now that I am thinking of it, it may be that the variance in NumPy and in R is not defined in the same way: for N elements, some tools normalize with N-1 instead of N, when calculating the variance. You may want to check this.

PPS: Here is the reason for the discrepancy: the difference in factors comes from two different normalization conventions: the observed factor is simply sqrt(14/15) = 0.9660917… (because the data has 15 elements). Thus, in order to obtain in R the same result as in Python, you need to divide the R result by this factor.