Question

Possible Duplicate:
Does java evaluate remaining conditions after boolean result is known
Why do we usually use || not |, what is the difference?

I missed my class lecture the other day and I was wondering if anyone could give an explanation what short circuiting is and maybe an example of it being used in a simple Java program. Thanks for your help!

Answer 1

Short-circuiting is where an expression is stopped being evaluated as soon as its outcome is determined. So for instance:

if (a == b || c == d || e == f) {
    // Do something
}

If a == b is true, then c == d and e == f are never evaluated at all, because the expression’s outcome has already been determined. if a == b is false, then c == d is evaluated; if it’s true, then e == f is never evaluated. This may not seem to make any difference, but consider:

if (foo() || bar() || baz()) {
    // Do something
}

If foo() returns true, then bar and baz are never called, because the expression’s outcome has already been determined. So if bar or baz has some other effect than just returning something (a side effect), those effects never occur.

One great example of short-circuiting relates to object references:

if (a != null && a.getFoo() != 42) {
    // Do something
}

a.getFoo() would normally throw a NullPointerException if a were null, but because the expression short-circuits, if a != null is false, the a.getFoo() part never happens, so we don’t get an exception.

Note that not all expressions are short-circuited. The || and && operators are short-circuited, but | and & are not, nor are * or /; in fact most operators are not.