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Home/ Questions/Q 504815
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Editorial Team
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Editorial Team
Asked: May 13, 20262026-05-13T06:32:06+00:00 2026-05-13T06:32:06+00:00

std::string s(??<); std::cout << s << std::endl; Why does that output { instead of

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std::string s("??<");
std::cout << s << std::endl;

Why does that output { instead of ??<

I’m using Visual Studio 2008. I’m assume it’s encoding it but why and what is the encoding called if that is what’s happening?

This little %#$^*! caused me to look for a bug in my (unit test) code for 30 minutes before I figured out my string was mangled!! 🙁

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  1. Editorial Team
    Editorial Team
    2026-05-13T06:32:06+00:00Added an answer on May 13, 2026 at 6:32 am

    Because of trigraphs.

    These are the supported trigraphs, from the Wikipedia page:

    • ??= → #
    • ??/ → \
    • ??' → ^
    • ??( → [
    • ??) → ]
    • ??! → |
    • ??< → {
    • ??> → }
    • ??- → ~

    For Visual Studio, according to the documentation trigraphs are turned off by default (sensibly enough), so check your project/makefiles.

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