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Suppose I have two scripts. The first one puts (with mv command) some files into a directory, the second one checks the directory once in a while and processes the files. The situation I’m concerned about is when the second script starts processing of the file which is only partly moved at the moment. Can this happen in real life on XFS file system?
It depends on where you’re moving the files from. mv WITHIN a single filesystem is atomic, otherwise it must do a copy which is not atomic (followed by a delete of the original file), and is prone to the kind of race condition you mention.
FWIW, this is normal POSIX semantics, nothing particular to XFS.