Question

The code without fission looks like this:

int check(int * res, char * map, int n, int * keys){
    int ret = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
        res[ret] = i;
        ret += map[hash(keys[i])]
    }
    return ret;
}

With fission:

int check(int * res, char * map, int n, int * keys){
    int ret = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
        tmp[i] = map[hash(keys[i])];
    }
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
        res[ret] = i;
        ret += tmp[i];
    }
    return ret;
}

Notes:

• The bottleneck is map[hash(keys[i])] which accesses memory randomly.

• normally, it would be if(tmp[i]) res[ret++] = i; to avoid the if, I’m using ret += tmp[i].

• map[..] is always 0 or 1

The fission version is usually significantly faster and I am trying to explain why. My best guess is that ret += map[..] still introduces some dependency and that prevents speculative execution.

I would like to hear if anyone has a better explanation.

Answer 1

From my tests, I get roughly 2x speed difference between the fused and split loops. This speed difference is very consistent no matter how I tweak the loop.

Fused: 1.096258 seconds
Split: 0.562272 seconds

(Refer to bottom for the full test code.)

---

Although I’m not 100% sure, I suspect that this is due to a combination of two things:

1. Saturation of the load-store buffer for memory disambigutation due to the cache misses from map[gethash(keys[i])].
2. An added dependency in the fused loop version.

It’s obvious that map[gethash(keys[i])] will result in a cache miss nearly every time. In fact, it is probably enough to saturate the entire load-store buffer.

Now let’s look at the added dependency. The issue is the ret variable:

int check_fused(int * res, char * map, int n, int * keys){
    int ret = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
        res[ret] = i;
        ret += map[gethash(keys[i])];
    }
    return ret;
}

The ret variable is needed for address resolution of the the store res[ret] = i;.

• In the fused loop, ret is coming from a sure cache miss.
• In the split loop, ret is coming tmp[i] – which is much faster.

This delay in address resolution of the fused loop case likely causes res[ret] = i to store to clog up the load-store buffer along with map[gethash(keys[i])].

Since the load-store buffer has a fixed size, but you have double the junk in it:
You are only able to overlap the cache misses half as much as before. Thus 2x slow-down.

---

Suppose if we changed the fused loop to this:

int check_fused(int * res, char * map, int n, int * keys){
    int ret = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
        res[i] = i;    //  Change "res" to "i"
        ret += map[gethash(keys[i])];
    }
    return ret;
}

This will break the address resolution dependency.

^{(Note that it’s not the same anymore, but it’s just to demonstrate the performance difference.)}

Then we get similar timings:

Fused: 0.487477 seconds
Split: 0.574585 seconds

---

Here’s the complete test code:

#define SIZE 67108864

unsigned gethash(int key){
    return key & (SIZE - 1);
}

int check_fused(int * res, char * map, int n, int * keys){
    int ret = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
        res[ret] = i;
        ret += map[gethash(keys[i])];
    }
    return ret;
}
int check_split(int * res, char * map, int n, int * keys, int *tmp){
    int ret = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
        tmp[i] = map[gethash(keys[i])];
    }
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
        res[ret] = i;
        ret += tmp[i];
    }
    return ret;
}


int main()
{
    char *map = (char*)calloc(SIZE,sizeof(char));
    int *keys =  (int*)calloc(SIZE,sizeof(int));
    int *res  =  (int*)calloc(SIZE,sizeof(int));
    int *tmp  =  (int*)calloc(SIZE,sizeof(int));
    if (map == NULL || keys == NULL || res == NULL || tmp == NULL){
        printf("Memory allocation failed.\n");
        system("pause");
        return 1;
    }

    //  Generate Random Data
    for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++){
        keys[i] = (rand() & 0xff) | ((rand() & 0xff) << 16);
    }

    printf("Start...\n");

    double start = omp_get_wtime();
    int ret;

    ret = check_fused(res,map,SIZE,keys);
//    ret = check_split(res,map,SIZE,keys,tmp);

    double end = omp_get_wtime();

    printf("ret = %d",ret);
    printf("\n\nseconds = %f\n",end - start);

    system("pause");
}