Question

The following code doesn’t compile (error CS0123: No overload for 'System.Convert.ToString(object)' matches delegate 'System.Converter<T,string>'):

class A<T> {
    void Method(T obj) {
        Converter<T, string> toString = Convert.ToString;

        // this doesn't work either (on .NET 4):
        Converter<object, string> toString2 = Convert.ToString;
        Converter<T, string> toString3 = toString2;            
    }
}

however, this does:

class A<T> {
    void Method(T obj) {
        // o is a T, and Convert.ToString(o) is using
        // string Convert.ToString(object o)

        Converter<T, string> toString = o => Convert.ToString(o);
    }
}

In c# 4, co/contra-variant delegates can be assigned to each other, and delegates can be created from co/contra-variant methods, so the ToString(object) method can be used as a Converter<T, string>, as T is always guarenteed to be convertable to an object.

So, the first example (method group overload resolution) should be finding the only applicable method string Convert.ToString(object o), the same as the method call overload resolution. Why is the method group & method call overload resolution producing different results?

Answer 1

This has to do with the fact that variance is not applicable to value types, so if you restrict T like where T : class you get variance on T and the first snippet of code will compile.

From the Covariance and Contravariance FAQ:

Variance is supported only if a type
parameter is a reference type.
Variance is not supported for value
types.