Question

The following code doesn’t compile; it says

NameError: name ‘fields’ is not
defined

in the last line. Is it because __new__ isn’t called until after the fields assignment is reached? What should I do?

class Meta(type):
    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, attr):
        attr['fields'] = {}
        return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, attr)

class A(metaclass = Meta):
    def __init__(self, name):
        pass

class B(A):
    fields['key'] = 'value'

EDIT:

I found that it’s not a problem with timing; it’s a problem with name hiding. Works fine if I write A.fields instead.

I’d like to know why I can’t use fields or super().fields.

Answer 1

The fields['key'] = 'value' runs before the metaclass machinery kicks in.

class foo(object):
    var1 = 'bar'

    def foobar(self):
        pass

when python hits the class statement, it enters a new local namespace.

1. it evaluates the var1 = 'bar' statement. this is equivalent to locals()['var1'] = 'bar'

2. it then evaluates the def foobar statement. this is equivalent to locals()['var'] = the result of compiling the function

3. It then passes locals(), along with the classname, the inherited classes and the metaclass to the metaclasses __new__ method. In the example case, the metaclass is simply type.

4. It then exits the new local namespace and sticks the class object returned from __new__ in the outer namespace with the name foo.

Your code works when you use A.fields because the class A has already been created and the above process has hence been executed with your Meta installing fields in A.

You can’t use super().fields because the classname B is not defined to pass to super at the time that super would run. that is that you would need it to be super(B).fields but B is defined after class creation.

Update

Here’s some code that will do what you want based on your reply to my comment on the question.

def MakeFields(**fields):
    return fields

class Meta(type):
    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, attr):
        for base in bases:
            if hasattr(base, 'fields'):
                inherited = getattr(base, 'fields')
                try:
                    attr['fields'].update(inherited)
                except KeyError:
                    attr['fields'] = inherited
                except ValueError:
                    pass
        return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, attr)

class A(metaclass=Meta):
    fields = MakeFields(id='int',name='varchar') 

class B(A):
    fields = MakeFields(count='int')

class C(B):
    pass

class Test(object):
    fields = "asd"

class D(C, Test):
    pass

print C.fields
print D.fields