Question

The keyword protected grants access to classes in the same package and subclasses (http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html).

Now, every class has java.lang.Object as superclass (http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html).

Hence I conclude that every class may access java.lang.Object‘s methods even if they are protected.

Take a look at the following example:

 public class Testclass {   public Object getOne() throws CloneNotSupportedException {     return this.clone();   }   public Object getTwo() throws CloneNotSupportedException {     return ((Object) this).clone();   } } 

While getOne() compiles fine, getTwo() gives

 Testclass.java:6: clone() has protected access in java.lang.Object         return ((Object) this).clone(); 

I neither understand why getTwo() doesn’t compile nor what’s the difference (regarding the access of java.lang.Objects members) with getOne().

Answer 1

You can only access protected members of a type in a different package if the compile-time type of the expression you’re referencing it through is either your own class or a subclass. (Where ‘your’ class is the class containing the code.) Your own class has to be a subclass of the type which originally declares the method, too.

Here’s an example; assume that Base is in a different package to all the other classes:

package first; public class Base {     protected void Foo() {} }  // Yes, each class is really in its own file normally - but treat // all the classes below as being in package 'second'  package second; public class Child extends Base {     public void OtherMethod(Object x)     {         ((Base) x).Foo(); // Invalid: Base is not Child or subclass         ((Child) x).Foo(); // Valid: Child is Child         ((GrandChild) x).Foo(); // Valid: GrandChild is subclass of Child         ((OtherChild) x).Foo(); // Invalid: OtherChild is not Child or subclass     } }  public class GrandChild extends Child {} public class OtherChild extends Base {} 

In other words, it’s letting you have access to the protected members of ‘objects which are a like you’.

Details are in section 6.6.2 of the Java Language Specification:

A protected member or constructor of an object may be accessed from outside the package in which it is declared only by code that is responsible for the implementation of that object.

6.6.2.1 Access to a protected Member

Let C be the class in which a protected member m is declared. Access is permitted only within the body of a subclass S of C. In addition, if Id denotes an instance field or instance method, then: If the access is by a qualified name Q.Id, where Q is an ExpressionName, then the access is permitted if and only if the type of the expression Q is S or a subclass of S. If the access is by a field access expression E.Id, where E is a Primary expression, or by a method invocation expression E.Id(. . .), where E is a Primary expression, then the access is permitted if and only if the type of E is S or a subclass of S.