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Home/ Questions/Q 874081
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Editorial Team
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Editorial Team
Asked: May 15, 20262026-05-15T11:02:58+00:00 2026-05-15T11:02:58+00:00

What are the characters that are required and suffice when escaping user-generated content before

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What are the characters that are required and suffice when escaping user-generated content before output? (in other words: what are the characters web developers should escape when outputting text that previously came from an untrusted, anonymous source?)

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  1. Editorial Team
    Editorial Team
    2026-05-15T11:02:58+00:00Added an answer on May 15, 2026 at 11:02 am

    When echoing to a page, you should encode

    • ‘&’ (ampersand) becomes ‘&‘
    • ‘”‘ (double quote) becomes ‘"‘
    • ”’ (single quote) becomes ‘'‘
    • ‘<‘ (less than) becomes ‘&lt;‘
    • ‘>’ (greater than) becomes ‘&gt;‘

    From PHP’s htmlspecialchars() docs.

    Note that the context also matters.

    You’ll also need to take the character set into account.

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