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What are the command-line conventions regarding when to use 2 dashes, 1 dash, or simply no options at all and simply read inputs in order?
I realize there are many variants, but do any conventions stand out as the industry standard (say in Java, or C, or Python)?
Read up on the background section of Python’s optparse module, it answers some of your questions and exemplifies with some common argument formatting standards seen in the wild. The optparse module author recommends a style that roughly corresponds to the POSIX conventions for command line arguments, with the addition of –double-dashed-long-arguments which comes from the GNU coding standard.