Question

What is the difference between boost::ref(i) and & i ? What are the situations where we cannot use regular references and have to go for boost::ref instead? Please include examples if possible.

Answer 1

From the Boost.Ref Documentation:

The purpose of
boost::reference_wrapper is to
contain a reference to an object of
type T. It is primarily used to “feed”
references to function templates
(algorithms) that take their parameter
by value.

NB: An important difference between boost::reference_wrapper and std::reference_wrapper (at least of Boost 1.52) is the ability of std::reference_wrapper to perfectly wrap function objects.

This enables code like this:

// functor that counts how often it was applied
struct counting_plus {
  counting_plus() : applications(0) {}
  int applications;

  int operator()(const int& x, const int& y) 
  { ++applications; return x + y; }
};

std::vector<int> x = {1, 2, 3}, y = {1, 2, 3}, result;
counting_plus f;
std::transform(begin(x), end(x), begin(y), 
               std::back_inserter(result), std::ref(f));
std::cout << "counting_plus has been applied " << f.applications 
          << " times." << '\n';