Question

What is the difference of $json->encode() and to_json() ?

use JSON;
my $json = JSON->new->allow_nonref;
$json = $json->utf8;

$data->{$id} = $json->encode(\%{$act->{$id}});
$json_string = to_json($data);

from perldoc JSON

$json_text = encode_json $perl_scalar
Converts the given Perl data structure to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string.

$json_text = to_json($perl_scalar)
Converts the given Perl data structure to a json string.

$json_text = $json->encode($perl_scalar)
Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference to a hash or array)
to its JSON representation. Simple scalars will be converted into JSON string or number
sequences, while references to arrays become JSON arrays and references to hashes become
JSON objects. Undefined Perl values (e.g. "undef") become JSON "null" values.  References
to the integers 0 and 1 are converted into "true" and "false".

What’s the difference, and when do I know which to use?

Answer 1

It’s just a functional vs. OO interface to your JSON features. OO interface allows you to configure the JSON object before using it.

See FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE in JSON.