What kinds of tools do you use to determine the efficiency of code? Do you use home grown applications that run a statistically significant number of tests, or some commercial product? Do you use your own knowledge to test certain areas of your code, or some tool that analyzes your code for weak spots?
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This is called profiling. There are lots of off-the-shelf tools available to help you determine where the bottlenecks in your applications are, for all kinds of different languages. For example, the TPTP set of tools for Java can show you where performance bottlenecks are down to the individual method level, if you want it to. Of course, sometimes all you really need is a couple of reads of the system timer to get a general idea about a section of code.