What’s the best way to hash the user password at the client browser, before sending it to the web server, so that only the hash goes out, not the plain-text password?
EDIT: assuming HTTP is used (not HTTPS)
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Use javascript to calculate the hash. See this for an example on how to calculate SHA-1 hashes in JS.
Beware that if you make yourself dependant on Javascript, your system will fail as soon as someone has JS disabled. You should use HTTPS if this is a concern to you, which has its own setbacks (e.g. certificates cost money if you want them to be immediately accepted by browsers.)