Would it be possible to structure a language in such a way that it can be written in itself? Could you write a c compiler in c, or a python interpreter in python? And if not, could the source then be re-written in itself? If so, would you have to use any components of another language (ie run compiled c in a python script)? Have there been any examples of this in actuality?
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The key word you are looking for is self-hosting.
One more compiler not on the list that I have worked with is Mercury.
And the related term Self-interpreter.