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>>> x = 'foo'
>>> {0: locals().get('x')}
{0: 'foo'}
>>> {0: locals().get('x' + spam) for spam in ['']}
{0: None}
What is the reason for this discrepancy in behaviour?
Dict comprehensions and generator comprehensions create their own local scope. List comprehensions do not in Python 2.x, but do in Python 3. (Note that your first example is not a dict comprehension. It’s just a literal dict that happens to have an expression as the value for the key 0.)