How exactly does adding a random number to the end of an AJAX server call prevent the database server or browser (not entirely sure which one is intended) from caching? why does this work?
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It is intended to prevent client-side (or reverse proxy) caching.
Since the cache will be keyed on the exact request, by adding a random element to the request, the exact request URL should never be seen twice; so it won’t be used more than once, and an intelligent cache won’t bother keeping around something that’s never been seen more than once, at least, not for long.