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I want to know if “functions” are defined in the CSS standard; i never found a single line about them in w3schools and anywhere else.
By “function”, I mean the calls like rgb(int, int, int) or url(string) that are used in CSS declarations. They look like functions, but are never called like this.
Are they names “functions” in common CSS usage, or are they just values like any other in declarations?
They are not functions, they just look the same way as a function call. It’s just a way of writing a value.
They are part of the CSS standard: http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#rgb-color
(The w3schools site is informative, but it’s not complete (and occasionally incorrect or inappropriate), and it’s no authority. You should look for W3C resources for the definitive documentation of the standards.)
Earlier versions of Internet Explorer would let you use expressions in CSS styles, but this was never introduced in the standards, and the support was dropped lately in IE too.