Question

Please look at the following code listing:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Base {
public:
    virtual void Message() = 0;
};

class Intermediate : public Base {

};

class Final : public Intermediate {
    void Message() {
        cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Final final;
    /* Wont work (obviously):
    Final* finalPtr = &final;
    finalPtr->Message();
    */
    // Works:
    Intermediate* finalPtr = &final; // or Base* finalPtr = &final;
    finalPtr->Message();

    return 0;
}

Take note of the following:

1. In the abstract Base class, the pure virtual function message() is public
2. Intermediate class (also abstract) inherits from Base class (Does message() function remain public pure virtual in Intermediate?)
3. Final class inherits from Intermediate class and message() function is private (by default)
4. In main, an object of type Final is created
5. An Intermediate pointer to the Final object is created

Question:
If you run the program, the line finalPtr->Message(); successfully invokes Final‘s implementation of message() function though its private. How does that happen? Does a base class override or ignore a derived class’ access restrictions?

Related Question:
In relation to (2.) above, what is the right way to define Intermediate class? Does one need to re-declare the pure virtual function message() from the base class bearing in mind that Intermediate class is not intended to provide an implementation.

NOTE: Code was tested with both Digital Mars Compiler (dmc) and Microsoft’s Visual Studio Compiler (cl) and works just fine in both

Answer 1

How does that happen? Does a base class override or ignore a derived class’ access restrictions?

With Public Inheritance all public members of the Base class become public members of the derived class. So Yes Message() is public function in Intermediate.

The function is called on a base class(Intermediate) pointer the function is public in base class. The dynamic dispatch(i.e the actual call to Derived class function) only happens at runtime hence this works.

The above is due to the fact that at runtime, the access specifiers have no meaning, the access specifier rules are resolved and effective only at compile time.

If you call the function on the derived class pointer then at compile time the compiler detects that Message() is declared private in Final and hence it gives the error.

---

While deriving from an Abstract class, the derived class MUST provide definition for ALL the Pure virtual functions of the Base class, Failing to do so will result in the Derived class also being an Abstract class.

Here Intermediate class is an Abstract class and as long as you do not need to create objects of this class, it will work fine. Note that you can create a pointer to an Abstract class.